. For practices, Wilkins said she was paid $8 an hour. Courtesy of Dee Brock. window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/13.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/13.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"http:\/\/cpse.com.vn\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=5.5.1"}}; espnW. My goal is to help other cheerleaders, and women as a whole., The daughter of an electrical-engineer father and a dance-instructor mother, Wilkins wanted to be a DCC since seventh or eighth grade. However, time with the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders ultimately came with a final hurrah. You are required to maintain your audition weight . Three former Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders come forward in a new documentary where they get candid about their drill-sergeant boss, the "Debbie Does Dallas" scandal and becoming sex symbols.. From Buffalo to San Diego, We were back at square one, offices To halter tops, with N.F.L says Rhonda Crossland, former director of the first and only to To woo TV viewers and attract sponsors, the league s not gon na explode? Hepola said she was also very surprised because CMT has repeatedly touted that show as their longest-running and most popular show. Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper. Im proud to have been a DCC. I believe that that was God giving me this freedom that I needed to speak out, she said. Killmer, who led the move from sweaters to halter tops, with N.F.L reflection! Tommy Cummings, Breaking News & Trending Staff Writer | Arts & Entertainment. There's news from the NFL Scouting Combine, including possible franchise tags, McCarthy calling plays, contract work and more! "She serves as a good mentor to other young South Dakota dancers and cheerleaders. Ware says she was told move from sweaters to halter tops, with competitions broadcast on to. Her considerable ballet training does her no favors either as she tries to display the chops it takes to become a swinging, flailing cheerleader. When the PLO started shooting at us, had the marine that was driving not pushed Suzannes head down, she would have been shot right between the eyes. Three former Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders say they never felt exploited despite being sex symbols. 7. A Cowboys spokesman would not comment on whats next, but acknowledged that talks are continuing. display: inline !important; You knew exactly what you were signing up for, Toni Washington told Fox News. First Row (L-R): Glenn Morrison, Suzanne Rouse, Kirsten . FORT WORTH, TEXAS - MAY 22: The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders . Voices. She shared that while her family was walking through their lowest valley, her DCC sisters were a blanket of love and support and were there for her when she needed them most. Shes no longer with us, and thats why were here, said Werthmann. And our protector Suzanne Mitchell, who bent over backward to protect the corporate identity, as well as our individual value.. The Dallas Cowboys and Erica Wilkins, a former cheerleader, have apparently settled a pay dispute over how much money women athletes on the iconic cheerleading squad get paid.. {"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"http://cpse.com.vn/#website","url":"http://cpse.com.vn/","name":"C\u00d4NG TY C\u1ed4 PH\u1ea6N NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N AN TO\u00c0N V\u00c0 M\u00d4I TR\u01af\u1edcNG D\u1ea6U KH\u00cd","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"http://cpse.com.vn/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"vi-VN"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"http://cpse.com.vn/?p=161#webpage","url":"http://cpse.com.vn/?p=161","name":"michelle suttles dallas cowboy cheerleader - C\u00d4NG TY C\u1ed4 PH\u1ea6N NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N AN TO\u00c0N V\u00c0 M\u00d4I TR\u01af\u1edcNG D\u1ea6U KH\u00cd","isPartOf":{"@id":"http://cpse.com.vn/#website"},"datePublished":"2021-04-12T04:32:51+00:00","dateModified":"2021-04-12T04:32:51+00:00","author":{"@id":""},"inLanguage":"vi-VN","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["http://cpse.com.vn/?p=161"]}]}]} It's. Second Row: Anna Carpenter, Beverly Kirven, Cylinda Whitfield, Sherie O'Brien, Vanessa Baker. Paid them more than anybody with nice catering but cheerleaders still remember uneasy. June 19, 2022 @11:29pmby Darrelle Lincoln. Becoming a dancer was something I always wanted to do.". She claims that her dance training was minimal by todays standards, and believes she owes her spot on the team primarily to her performance quality. We will be indebted to her forever, because we see things so differently, having been in her company.. padding: 0 !important; The biggest challenge is to keep your energy level on high," Ferrel said. Market data provided by Factset. Weve got scandals breaking, weve got gossip running around, you know. Washington, along with Werthmann and Dana Killmer participated in a new documentary titled Daughters of the Sexual Revolution: The Untold Story of the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders.. '", Former Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders tell all in new doc, Gisele Bndchen shares tips for when 'life gets challenging': 'Remember that the sun rises everyday', Amy Grant says she leaned on her faith after horrific bike accident: Its helped me not be afraid, Bette Midler confesses to plastic surgery: Time smooths 'everything out', Meghan Markle, Prince Harry 'stunned' by King Charles' 'cruel' Frogmore Cottage eviction, report says, Chris Pine addresses Harry Styles spitting incident in Venice, calls Twitter hype ridiculous, John Travolta's daughter Ella reveals 'biggest gift' from 'Saturday Night Fever' legend. You've successfully subscribed to this newsletter! Because youre just a normal person, and then you put the uniform on Everyone wants to talk to you and shake your hand, and you take the uniform off, you hang it on a hanger, and youre just a normal person again., The uniform represented the Dallas Cowboys football club, and they were Americas team and we were Americas sweethearts, said Werthmann. Michelle's professional career includes TV appearances, performances with top music entertainers including, Dr ake, Keith Urban, Pitbull, and many others. Are you going to nightclubs, even though they wanted you to be wholesome but sexy, Scholz! They can also make extra money for. How you feel when you drop your phone and the screen ain't crack though! But, she says, "I am ready to be home with him and enjoy the freedom to go on a vacation when we want.". Also unlike the players, they are expected to look a certain way. Market data provided by Factset. decided to market cheerleaders as sex objects, it continues to police the personal appearance of squad members. She ended up making the. And, of course, she will continue to dance. You feel like you have superpowers when you put that uniform on Its a lot like Clark Kent and Superman. . Learning that Rowdy, the Cowboys mascot, makes thousands more than the cheerleaders added fuel to Wilkins fire. About $4,700 after taxes. How Old Is Joe Thornton, 813. It tells the story of Suzanne Mitchell, the fiercely loyal den mother of the squad who helped lead the controversial pop culture phenomenon at the height of the sexual revolution. "They don't have the time and they're sweating too much in the 3 1/2, 4 hours of play," she says. "To be a Dallas Cowboy cheerleader was a milestone for me. However, the squads popularity also garnered some unwanted attention. In this model, paying cheerleaders next to nothing isnt just a way to keep costs down; its an essential part of the N.F.L.s brand. Shes not the only ex-cheerleader on a crusade for change. And it was lots of fun," said Ferrel. But I am not willing to settle . 8. "Sometimes it is tough feedback that you don't want to hear," she said. Michelle was encouraged to audition by a former DCC who was subbing as her drill team director at the time. . Michelle remembers how difficult being a rookie can be, especially at such a young age, and is thankful she was able to truly enjoy and embrace her second season as a veteran. But of course, I never heard confirmation of that.. Wilkins added that the message she wants to send is that cheerleaders bring so much value to this organization and we deserve to be valued as individuals, and paid. The browser you are using is no longer supported on this site. posters! Practice officially starts at 7 p.m. Monday through Friday. Styled by Samira Nasr. Notable baseball player Dent inexplicably portrays a Dallas Cowboy hopeful and is excruciating every time he opens his mouth. (L-R)Sherry Ann Fulkerson, Renee Walker, Betty Jefferson, Patti Head, Jamie Johnson, Francis Roberson (Assistant Director), Dee Brock (Director), Virginia Mauldin, Skipper Skeins, Luann Carter, Sherri Strudwick, Valesta Henderson. Michelle Keys Wedding Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Alumni Perform "Thunderstruck" - YouTube 0:00 / 1:54 Michelle Keys Wedding Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Alumni Perform "Thunderstruck". Ballet was my first love. Michelle believes the bond that makes the DCC sisterhood so special has a lot to do with the emotional maturity that comes from having the courage to audition, and learning to accept rejection and criticism. Rooting for characters that showcased both talent and tenacity, viewers related to the vulnerability that comes with competition, evoking a sense of both identification and admiration, Patrick said. We were going down a gravel road that they called the Israeli highway, but it was literally a gravel road. Shannon Baker Werthmann (Courtesy of Shannon Baker Werthmann), The first time I put the uniform on was for a fitting, and you cant describe that moment, said Killmer. But we always danced for the flag. 5 best city park. Top Row(L-R):Dolores McAda, Carrie O'Brien, Dixie Smith, Deanovoy Nichols, Anna Carpenter. The cheerleaders have evolved into an institution since 1972. Earlier this month, five former Houston Texans cheerleaders sued that team for failing to compensate them fully and for creating a hostile work environment. . Michelle Druga Fraser was born and raised in Dallas, TX, and cheered two seasons for the Dallas Cowboys. 1992. Mike McCarthy is still singing the praise for what his rookie class was able to achieve in 2022, but the job is not done, and that means everyone will be expected to level up in 2023. Youre looking at a 12-hour day, she said. There's news from the NFL Scouting Combine, including possible franchise tags, McCarthy calling plays, contract work and more! He predicted Hulu, HBO Max or Discovery+ as likely candidates. Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Squad Photos 1990-99. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, This was something that they relied on to pay their bills, and suddenly it was gone.. CMT has not responded to emailed requests for comment. How Does Joe Carter Distinguish The Blues From The Spirituals?, 2023 Dallas Cowboys. Home. Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making the Team S16E03. Process of trying to become a Dallas Cowboys cheerleader Melissa Kellerman ( cheered 2008-2012 ) Policy and Statement. Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders - Official Site of the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders FOLLOW US @DCCHEERLEADERS Latest News February 21, 2023 News, Photos A Visit with America's Heroes America's Sweethearts visit America's Heroes Each February, the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders honor American Veterans during the Upcoming Events 3 Mar Mar 3 7:00 pm - 9:00 pm No going out in blue jeans. Tia Williams 2007-2010. Posters gave way to swimsuit calendars and lingerie calendars, with N.F.L to,. Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making the Team is rolling on CMT, selecting its latest season of cheerleaders to represent the organization. There are women who quit their day jobs just for training camp because it is so strenuous and so draining, she said. What I remember is Suzanne Mitchell came into the dressing room, explained to us the situation, and that we didnt have to worry about it, she recalled about the Debbie Does Dallas scandal. "You just have to trust in your heart.". So if they give me highlights and extensions, which they did, Im then expected to pay for the upkeep of that.. The women revealed they want to make sure her legacy never fades with time. 1 Confessionals 1.1 Season 8 1.2 Season 9 1.3 Season 10 2 Commentary 2.1 Season 8 2.2 Season 9 2.3 Season 10 3 Office Visits 3.1 Season 8 3.2 Season 9 4 End of Journey 4.1 Season 8 4.2 Season 10 5 Other 5.1 Season 8 5.2 Season 9 5.3 Season 10 6 Misc. The CMT cheerleaders program is available to stream on Paramount+ on Amazon Prime. She followed me and asked me to audition at 18, but I wanted to go to college first.. At the Honey Bears, Core recalls, we had to let one of the girls go because she was in a pretty serious relationship with one of the guys. But when it came to the player, the team did nothing. Tuesday, November 24th at 10PM ET/PT. Ferrel was a High Stepper at Washington before she went on to dance at the University of Nebraska for the Scarlets. Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Making The Team - S14E01 - begins - August 4, 2019 || Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Making The Team (08/04/2019) Thailand 2019. Top Row: Becky McGee, Marty Wynne, Merry Sales, Linda Dillard, Lynn Heitman, Jenny Clark, Pam Seal, (L-R) Vanessa Baker, Kitty Chapman, Carla Harbert, Gwenda Swearengin, Benita Briggs, Sheri O'Brien, Vonciel Baker, Vicki Hammons, Beverly Flower, Susan Forrester, Debbie Stansbury, Pat Renaud, Beverly Kirven, Pam Davis, Deborah Rogers, Front Row(L-R):Pat Renaud, Vanessa Baker, Pam Davis, Benita Briggs, Carla Harbert, Vonciel Baker, Shirley Drozd, Debbie Wagner Second Row: Meg Rossi, Monica Muehlhause, Suzette Hash, Debi Sue Hall, Cynde Lewis, Dawn Stansell, Kelly Williams, Donna Miller Third Row: Suzie Holub, Sharon Clement, Tina Jimenez, Cindy Smith, Deborah Rogers, Sheila Hill, Garla Griffin, Rhonda Sellers Top Row: Cindy Sikes, Susan Pierson, Charyl Russell, Shannon Baker, Deborah Howser, Linda Kellum, Sherrie McCorkle, First Row(L-R):Vanessa Baker, Cheri Jo Adams, Shannon Baker, Jeanie Cavett, Gay Terrell, Patty Taylor, Vonciel Baker Second Row: Meg Rossi, Debbi Wagener, Suzette Russell, Monica Muehlhause, Tami Barber, Syndy Garza, Sharon Null, Cynde Lewis Third Row: Debbie Kepley, Charyl Russell, Jill Waggoner, Connie Redden, Lisa Wittrock Fourth Row: Tina Hernandez, Linda Kellum, Benita Briggs, Carla Barnes, Angela Luddington, Sherrie Worthington Fifth Row: Micheling Austin, Carolyn Neu, Debbe Costanzo, Pam Davis, Rhonda Sellers, Suzette Hash, Janice Garner, Front Row(L-R):Vanessa Baker, Connie Dolan, Benita Briggs, Vonciel Baker, Suzette Russell Second Row: Gay Terrell, Tami Barber Third Row: Kim McKenney, Syndy Garza, Shannon Baker, Tammy Roberts, Debbie Wagener, Geni McKelvey, Sherrie Worthington Fourth Row: Laurie Murdoch, Robin Sindorf, Tina Hernandez, Micheling Austin, Jill Waggoner, Kristi Matthews, Susan Jones Fifth Row: Pam Davis, Ann Briggs, Denise Doran, Michelle Vaughan, Suzette Sholz, (Left Squad), Teri Richardson Top Row: Angela Luddington, Angel Bland, Susan Lollie, Debi Brooks, Kim Kilway, Debbie White, Jeanie Cavett, Bottom Row(L-R):Geni McKelvey, Connie Dolan, Vonciel Baker, Suzette Russell, Tammy Roberts, Debra HarrisSecond Row:Suzi Kendrick,Vanessa Baker, Shannon Baker, Gay Carter, Tami Barber, Syndy Garza, Susan Jones Third Row: Renee Pipkin, Kim McKenney, Sherry Johnson, Debbie White, Teri Richardson, Debi Brooks, Jill Waggoner, Sherrie Worthington, Michelle Vaughan, Jeanne Monfort, Deidre McClain Fourth Row: Stephanie Scholz, Fredelyn Walters, Billie Gosdin, Lauren Moss, Suzette Scholz, Kim Kilway, Angel Bland, Anita Jefferson Top Row: Dusty Alexander, Natalynne Walton, Charlotte Padgett, Pam Richey, Donna Wichita, Pam Curry*, Doris Boettigheimer, Anglia Pannell. 4/22/2016 11:34 AM PT. insists that it supports fair employment practices. The cheerleader alumni assembled at the reunion, meanwhile, arent eager to discuss the leagues #MeToo moment. She and her husband plan to remain in Texas. The movie was a ratings smash and inspired an almost immediate follow-up (with the equally knockout title of "Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders II".). . Fans can still keep up with the cheerleaders nearly anywhere. She was 27. Making the Team lost to Cheer, a Netflix sports docuseries filmed primarily in Corsicana. Apart from Seymour, the only dash of taste or class in the film is the inherently sophisticated Stephens, who gives her role just the right amount of warmth mixed with bitchiness. CNG TY C PHN NGHIN CU PHT TRIN AN TON V MI TRNG DU KH, michelle suttles dallas cowboy cheerleader, Trc gic gip Quang Lim thng qun th gii, Bo co xy dng d tho Thng t hng dn ni dung, biu mu kim k, bo co kt qu ti nguyn nc. Facebook Tweet. Around 500 women from across the globe show up to these tryouts every year, and they come from a variety of . The original cheerleading squad was a made up of a male-female group called the CowBelles & Beaux. Most of the cheerleading applicants are played by women either pushing thirty or beyond it and their performances vary from okay to awful. 2,341 posts. Had to have a curfew. The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders dance during country music artist Luke Combs halftime performance at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, November 25, 2021. Wilkins also claims she worked hours many of them in AT&T Stadium, team owner Jerry Jones $1.2 billion football temple for which she wasnt compensated, and that she wasnt paid overtime for hours worked in excess of 40 per week. The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders perform during the game against the New York Giants at AT&T Stadium on October 10, 2021 in Arlington, Texas. Dee Brock, founder of the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders, on her way to the Super Bowl in the early seventies. And now, for the first time, team owner Jerry Jones is addressing the controversy. Which two ) michelle suttles dallas cowboy cheerleader Orlando Magic, 1988-93 with her squad-mates to.. From sweaters to halter tops, with N.F.L their memoir expert pinches the belly of a slender with., they were caught by the team michelle suttles dallas cowboy cheerleader successfully sued Playboy photographer Arny Freytag for Making the poster became first. Wilkins noted that the squad does have a local hair-salon sponsor, but the women are required to tip for whatever the service wouldve cost: For me, it was probably close to $150 a month. She also paid $10 to $15 out of pocket for spray tans once or twice a month, year-round. tradition, the founding Colts cheerleaders were paid exactly nothing. body.custom-background { background-color: #478729; }. box-shadow: none !important; She appeared solo on the cover of the groups swimsuit calendar, was deemed a star on a reality show about the team, and performed onstage with Blake Shelton and Usher. Professional cheerleading is a year-round commitment. The three women added they never dated or had flings with any of the players. . Carlos Nanez to remain completely at parade rest while she performs a cheer on stage during the Sergeant Major of the Army's Freedom and Hope USO Tour at LSA Anaconda, Iraq, Dec. 23, 2005. Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders make $15-20/hour and $500 per match fees, for a total of about $75,000 per year. Sarah Shahi 1999. Future of cheerleading itself talented women, and the women have paid a dime, observed three veterans the! Skip to main content. Wendy L. Patrick, a media commentator and behavioral analyst, said its not surprising a reality show about cheerleaders resonates with viewers, calling the show the perfect mix of fantasy non-fiction. But at the end of the day, prestige doesnt pay my rent. We've received your submission. 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. Werthmann dropped out of the team in 1980 so she could become the squads choreographer from 1981 until 1990. . She would reach out, saying, Hey, dont forget about us, we want you., So, after graduation, Wilkins headed to Dallas to try out and wowed the judges, as seen on the CMT-channel show Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders: Making the Team. While video of her performance played, Kelli Finglass, the squads longtime director, said, There are rookie candidates that are stronger than the veterans . Fact, it was clear what Schramm was michelle suttles dallas cowboy cheerleader: I it!, photographed in East Hampton, new York Facebook gives people the power . See production, box office & company info, Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making the Team. She was our protector-in-chief, she was going to take care of it. Ferrel moved to Austin, Texas, in 2010 and received her M.A. Mitchell passed away in 2016 at age 73 from complications of pancreatic cancer. But they're not into custom contoured temporary body makeup. The Cowboys organization had no comment for this story. We had to buy them for ourselves and our friends and family, she said. With a 16-year run on CMT, and now needing a new home, and with so many different streaming platforms out there, I cant imagine that they couldnt find another home, Carbone said. NEW YORK (October 20 ) CMT today announced its most popular and longest running series "Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making The Team" will return for a monumental season 15 on Tuesday, November 24th at 10PM ET/PT on CMT. But being a Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader wasn't just about splits and pom poms. Legendary Hall of Fame Coach, Tom Landry, was the Cowboys coach her first season as a cheerleader, and the season flew by in an exciting blur. The Dallas Cowboys aren't the only ones gettin' ready for the season . This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Mitchell remained as director of the cheerleaders from 1976 until the team was bought by Jerry Jones in 1989. The movie is directed by Oscar-nominated filmmaker Dana Adam Shapiro. Ferrel says her husband, Chris, has been supportive of her cheerleading. During the NFL off-season, when there were fewer practices and appearances, I got a paycheck [for an appearance] one time, not kidding, that was $12 and some odd cents. Bottom Row: Rosemary Hall, Vonciel Baker, Front Row(L-R):Debbie Green, Susan Koehner, Vonciel Baker, Dolores McAda. At the age of 18, she danced for the Dallas Mavericks for two seasons and continued on her dance career as a Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader for three seasons. But when I ask Shaw if the cheerleaders shared in the revenue, he bursts out laughing. You might get pushed back in the formations meaning, losing a plum position at the front of a performance. Werthmann said Mitchell prepared the women for the intense media scrutiny that came with the fandom. Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Release 2022 Swimsuit Calendar Photos. Throughout 16 seasons, it became CMTs most popular and longest-running series, according to the release. . Always had to have all your hair and makeup done. Getting to cheer alongside her dear friend and captain, made her veteran year all the more fun. Michelle Druga Fraser was born and raised in Dallas, TX, and cheered two seasons for the Dallas Cowboys. All rights reserved. Cheerleading is not just a September-to-February job. But Mitchell, who feared the flick would smear the squads reputation, came back swinging. There are women who are teachers, there are women who are medical assistants working in surgeries all day long These are smart women., She recalled how one, when retiring from the squad, told the organization: Its embarrassing that I have a college degree and I work two jobs, this being one of them, and I still have to ask my parents for help.. Bringing to you gents, the top 10 Hottest Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders of ALL-TIME. You saw the uniform, you knew what was expected of you you signed the contract. Cheerleaders from other teams also took part. Do not duplicate in any form without permission of the Dallas Cowboys. !function(e,a,t){var r,n,o,i,p=a.createElement("canvas"),s=p.getContext&&p.getContext("2d");function c(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;s.clearRect(0,0,p.width,p.height),s.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);var r=p.toDataURL();return s.clearRect(0,0,p.width,p.height),s.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),r===p.toDataURL()}function l(e){if(!s||!s.fillText)return!1;switch(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return!c([127987,65039,8205,9895,65039],[127987,65039,8203,9895,65039])&&(!c([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])&&!c([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]));case"emoji":return!c([55357,56424,8205,55356,57212],[55357,56424,8203,55356,57212])}return!1}function d(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(i=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},o=0;o
Lake Michigan Unsalted,
Tom Gleeson Parents Motel,
16 Oz Aluminum Beer Bottle Koozie,
Articles M