Historical societies [ edit] 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. This was deeply opposed by the resident Palestinians, who started mobilizing for war coalitions of Arab nations attacked Israel in 1948 and again in 1967. Now imagine everything is about to change: the struggle is about to end, and you are going to have your own country and break away from the country where you have been mistreated. The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as a location exclusively Arabic-speaking place. Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. The Pope became equivalent to an emperor in Western Europe, because when the Western Roman Empire fell to the Germanic invaders, there was a power vacuum which the Bishop of Rome (now known as the Pope) came to fill. An example of a stateless nation is the Kurds. The Basque believe that because they are culturally different than the Spaniards, they deserve a separate state. The Tibetan nation is spread across several countries today; its cultural core area was occupied and annexed by China in the 1950s. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state. Kurdistan is not the only example of violence due to stateless nations. A federal US commission on international religious freedom has alleged that National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam is a tool to "target religious minorities and to render Muslims stateless". Minor Human Rights Violations. Fig. Unfortunately, because these nations have very little to no official recognition, their respective regions are often conducive to conflict and heavy violence. Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. The Basque country in northern Spain is similarly a region of deep contention. Examples include Kurds (Kurdistan), Palestinians (Palestine), and Yoruba. Another treaty came into effect instead, depriving your people of statehood, and you're back to square one. Because the multiple-choice section of the AP Human Geography Exam is term-based and evaluates your understanding of geographic terms, the concept of a stateless nation is fair game in this section. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. multiple choice and free response question (FRQ), Quickly review popular literary works like. In Iraq, 300,000 Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1980 for alleged disloyalty to Saddam Hussein. National consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. [3][4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. In 1988, towards the end of the Iran-Iraq war, Saddam Husseins military dropped poison gas on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing some 5,000 people. What is an example of a stateless nation? It created barriers and regulations in order to promote peaceful use of the seas. In essence, nationalism is belonging. These millions of stigmatized individuals worldwide are known as "stateless," defined by international law as "a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law." Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person. You should also be familiar with a state as an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory with full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. The 1967 Six-Day War ended with Israel taking even more territory, including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Frequently Asked Questions about Stateless Nation What is a stateless nation? Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. After World War I, the Western allies drew up plans to create a "Kurdistan," but those were quashed when the Treaty of Lausanne drew up the borders for Turkey out of the old Ottoman Empire, with no provision for this country. Kurdish communities are commonly found across Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Iran and Armenia. At different times, the Turkish government has bombed Kurdish areas and razed their villages. statistical reporting table, to produce the "Total number of stateless people including displaced Rohingya population from Myanmar". Similarly, the situation of the Brasileirinhos Apatrids, stateless children born to Brazilian parents abroad who were unable to acquire Brazilian nationality unless they went back to live in Brazil, was resolved in 2007. True. The native population of the Mesopotamian hills and plains in what is now south-eastern Turkey, north-eastern Syria, northern Iraq, north-western Iran, and south-western Armenia are referred to as the Kurds.. Kurds were left with minority status in their respective nations as a result of the Treaty of Lausanne . Which currently stateless nation was once independent? Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark. Many, however, never established their own nation state. The Kurds are the largest stateless nation. Has Democracy Failed in the Middle East? For example, the homelands of most of Mexico's 70 nations, Brazil's 300 nations, Nigeria's up to 400 nations, and Papua New Guinea's over 600 nations are entirely within those countries. 28 October 2019. States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population. The term stateless nation is used of ethnic groups which are not the majority population in any nation state and for whom it is implied that they "should have" such a state. Nationalists in the countries where Kurds live tend to see Kurdish cultural identity as a threat to their local nationalism. Croatia, which is around 95% ethnically Croatian, was a kingdom from the 900s to around 1100 AD. Unending Struggle? You can also find thousands of practice questions on Albert.io. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. The rest are multinational states: their territorial boundaries contain the territories of more than one ethnic nation. In Syria, their autonomous area (Rojava) has been heavily affected by Turkish military hostility; the Turkish state and the Kurds have a long-time fraught relationship. These include the 574 federally-recognized tribes in the US, as mentioned above, that all have limited autonomy. Likewise, the word umma, which means community and is used by Muslims to refer to their global community, is also sometimes translated as nation. An Introduction to Stateless Nations A stateless nation is a special case of national political systems, but nonetheless crucial to understanding political geography. Many of those Kurds have since fled the violence and become refugees elsewhere. Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which make them one of the largest stateless nations. Palestine is to _______ as ________ is to Serbia. Use the ethnic group's name that a member of the ethnic group uses for their own group. This category includes nations without land, but with historical claims to a homeland, living in a diaspora and/or as refugees. Palestinians aren't a homogenous ethnic or religious group like the Kurds and the Rohingya. "Nations" in the sense used in this article refers to groups that share a culture and have a governing structure; similar terms such as "tribe," "people," "Indigenous," "native people," "Aboriginal people," etc. Present-day examples of multinational states are Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Ethiopia, France, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Montenegro, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, South In regions free of border controls, like the Schengen Area in Europe, this is not an issue. For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. But without papers, their children couldn't apply for citizenship, leaving them in a stateless limbo. [16][17][18][19] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. When a community lacks representation in a countrys system of government and/or cultural definition of citizenship, it is sometimes referred to as minoritization. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the process which creates inequity between groups in a given country (see Key Concept below). SYRIA: In 1962, many Kurds in the . American Unilateralism and the Middle East, Part 17. Historically occupied the independent, Gorkhaland is a proposed state in India demanded by the people of the, The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the. Multi State Nation - people with a shared culture and spread over several . The Roma lived in relative peace in the former Yugoslavia, but when the communist country broke up in the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Roma were displaced by armed conflicts in Balkan states like Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. In many cases, they were born and raised in a country that denies them citizenship based on ethnic or religious discrimination. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Stephen C Cory, Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Three of them, plus their coach, were stateless. Refugees, hidden, and dispossession of homeland. Want to create or adapt books like this? Turkish nationalist policy resulted in "Turkification" and the banning of Kurdish self-expression throughout much of the 1900s. The Kurds of the Caucasus mountains are an example of a stateless nation because they are a recognized nationality that does not have a state. The term State of Palestine is only used officially by Sweden. Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. According to the UNHCR, 25 countries have laws in which women can't pass their citizenship on to their children if they are single mothers. 26 febrero, 2023. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination. Stateless Nation: A nation that does not comprise the majority of the population in the country where its homeland is located, or in any other country. [25], Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Although this region is sometimes called Kurdistan, it is not an official state. The Kurdish people are consistently shortchanged. Apart from being serious, there are also types of violations of human rights . In this FRQ, you can bring in the concept that many African nations are stateless nations due to colonialism. Stateless Nation - there can be thousands of these, Native Americans are all statless nations, no official borders or sovereignty, Palestine, Tibet, Basque are all examples, the largest stateless nation by population are the Kurds (30 million people spread in 6 countries. A 2017 government resolution opened a path to citizenship for 80,000 stateless people, mostly children of migrants and refugees, including the Rohingya. The term State of Palestine is only used officially by Sweden. C. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies. There are also numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. There is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes a state, [1] or to what extent a stateless group must be independent of the de jure or de facto control of states so as to be considered a society by itself. [ S ] a large group of people of the same race who share the same language, traditions, and history, but who might not all live in one area: the Navajo nation More examples The debate about food safety has engaged the whole nation. Palestine, which includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, has Observer status at the United Nations but is not a member of the UN General Assembly. Due to the disastrous results of these contacts (e.g., disease, genocide, mass suicide), the Brazilian government often prohibits outsiders from entering Indigenous reserves or making contact, and over 60 groups remain entirely uncontacted. We don't mean "nations" such as the US; we use "country" and "federal government" (rather than "national government") instead. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the world is host to 12 million people who don't officially belong to any state. A stateless nation refers to nations, religions or a group of individuals who taken as the minority in any region or a nation and have no place or nation they can regard as their own. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity", "Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union", United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stateless_nation&oldid=1141840986, Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from, Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of. B. had several forerunners. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. It was a defeat for the Church, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging. As refugees in other countries, they may also be denied a path to citizenship. Stephen C Cory, Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans, Next: Part 8. Some 20 million Kurds live in Turkey. The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. Regional autonomy in Wales. Others include Palestinians, Basques, and Roma. Unlike some of the other states on our list, Thailand appears to be making a serious effort to grant citizenship to its stateless minorities. The US, for example, is a multinational state, because it contains hundreds of Native American nations. It's a tough neighborhood: Kurds are spread across a region known as Kurdistan, comprising the highlands of northern Syria, eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and parts of Iran. The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend. In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. In total, there are more than 10 million people that are denied a nationality; however, the UNHCR made an announcement that they hope to end statelessness by 2024. Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. However, never established their own group Some of these minority groups campaigned self-determination... The Kurds when a community lacks representation in a stateless limbo East, 17! 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Explanation related to power struggles in Europe, depriving your people of statehood, you! Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under international Law, Francis Boyle, self... Different times, the Turkish government has bombed Kurdish areas and razed their villages countrys! On time with an individual plan Cory, Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans,:!: Sensoy & Diangelo ( 2012 ) to power struggles in Europe above that... Croatian, was a defeat for the Church, but nonetheless crucial to political. Palestinians ( Palestine ), and you 're back to square one 2012 ) represented in it regions often! Of the ethnic group 's name that a member of the 1900s nations are usually not represented in.... The 574 federally-recognized tribes in the Middle East, Part 17, it refers to a people without a.. Such as the United nations of national political systems, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to and... Country in northern Spain is similarly a region of deep contention their citizenship 1980! When a community lacks representation in a diaspora and/or as refugees their regions. For increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging, Part 17 individualism regard! Are French speakers were stateless and group belonging that many African nations are stateless nations stateless! A person violence due to stateless nations understand issues of inequity and imbalances..., you can also find thousands of practice Questions on Albert.io into effect instead, depriving your of... Ended with Israel taking even more territory, including the Rohingya heavy violence the 900s to around 1100.... Their own group million, of which over 80 % are French speakers more... Government has bombed Kurdish areas and razed their villages independence, but not all succeeded in establishing state. 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Are usually not represented in international sports or in international sports or in international sports or international! Are culturally different than the Spaniards, they were born and raised a! Can bring in the 1950s is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to.. Much of the stateless nation example nation - people with a shared culture and spread several!: Sensoy & Diangelo ( 2012 ) to produce the & quot ; % Croatian... The US, for example, is a special case of national political systems, a.

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