The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. 9, 25052523. (2005). In the early 1980s, the FDA approved the clinical use of human insulin, obtained by heterologous expression via E. coli, for the treatment of type I and type II diabetes (FDA, 1982), and this was the first recombinant pharmaceutical product to be introduced into the market. Sustain. Annu. (2007). Application of mycorrhizal technology for improving yield production of common bean plants. Chien, A., Edgar, D. B., and Trela, J. M. (1976). israelensis. Raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational Anthrax. Protein Engineering 2. Microbiol. Rev. Another up-and-coming clinical application of genomics and transcriptomics is pharmacogenomics, also called toxicogenomics, which involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individuals genomic sequence. doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5-16, Bejenariu, A., Popa, M., Cerf, D. L., and Picton, L. (2008). Common reporter genes include bacterial lacZ, which encodes beta-galactosidase and whose activity can be monitored by changes in colony color in the presence of X-gal as previously described, and the gene encoding the jellyfish protein green fluorescent protein (GFP) whose activity can be visualized in colonies under ultraviolet light exposure (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Cinc. Rev. Lett. Noteworthy facts about a methane-producing microbial community processing acidic effluent from sugar beet molasses fermentation. Recently, two antibodies were approved for this purpose: palivizumab, a human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-neutralizing monoclonal antibody that blocks virus replication; and raxibacumab, which prevents binding of the protective antigen of the anthrax toxin to its receptors in host cells (The IMpact-RSV Study Group, 1998; Kummerfeldt, 2014; Baldo, 2016). Drug Discov. Because of simplicity in physiology microbes have been exploited for. We welcome studies that apply recent advances in genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and computational biology to provide insights into all aspects of . doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.014, Bournazos, S., and Ravetch, J. V. (2017). Stable introduction of a Life-Shortening Wolbachia Infection into the Mosquito Aedes aegypti. The Egyptians, who already used yeast to brew beer, began to employ this microorganism to make bread. Microbial genetic techniques have many lucrative applications over traditional microbiology schemes. The genetic modification of Escherichia coli in the 1970s allowed the production of artificial insulin, which was the first product obtained from recombinant DNA technology (Walsh, 2012) and was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1982 (Johnson, 1983). At no other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains. Microorganisms have also been potentially explored for the production of a new generation of biofuels (Liao et al., 2016). 14, 288304. Anal. Sci. Applications of Microbial genetics include in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. Ann. J. Trop. By contrast, the products of heterologous proteins obtained from S. cerevisiae comprise hormones (insulin, insulin analogs, and glucagon), vaccines (hepatitis B virus surface antigen), and virus-like particles (VLPs) (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). (2002). On the other hand, the direct use of microbial enzymes in the treatment of effluents, especially industrial effluents, has been encouraged because the enzymatic action is faster, dispensing with the conditions necessary for the fermentative process. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0-9, Cohen, S. N., Chang, A. C., Boyer, H. W., and Helling, R. B. (2016). 1. Biotechnol. One hundred years of clostridial butanol fermentation. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.065, Lesage-Meessen, L., Lomascolo, A., Bonnin, E., Thibault, J.-F., Buleon, A., Roller, M., et al. Modified strains of S. carnosus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, B. subtilis, and Lactococcus lactis, for example, have been used in the controlled biological synthesis of calcitonin, amino acids (glutamate and lysine), proinsulin (Olmos-Soto and Contreras-Flores, 2003; Sandgathe et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2016), and protein nanoparticles (Cano-Garrido et al., 2016), respectively. Microorganisms are majorly used for the production of industrial enzymes through the safe gene transfer methods. Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus. Stress tolerance of bakers yeast during bread-making processes, in Stress Biology of Yeasts and Fungi, eds H. Takagi and H. Kitagaki (Tokyo: Springer), 2342. Thumbnail: A group of Genetically modified GloFish fluorescent fish. Chojnacka, A., Szczsny, P., Baszczyk, M. K., Zielenkiewicz, U., Detman, A., Salamon, A., et al. Single cell proteins, in The Encyclopedia of Food and Health, eds B. Caballero, P. Finglas, and F. Toldr (Oxford: Academic Press), 790794. (2001). (2009). The patent for a genetically modified microorganism, requested by Ananda Chakrabarty, contributed to a revolution in biotechnology that resulted in the issuance of thousands of patents, the founding of hundreds of new companies, and the development of thousands of bioengineering and food plants (Holloway, 2014). Food Eng. Produo e caracterizao de polihidroxialcanoatos obtidos por fermentao da glicerina bruta residual do biodiesel. Environ. Plotkin, S. L., and Plotkin, S. A. Sci. Fungal morphology and metabolite production in submerged mycelia processes. (2016). A., and Segal, S. J. Yale J. Biol. Recent advances in microbial biotechnology can help further increase the use of microorganisms in the food industry. Bioresour. Electrical wiring of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens with osmium redox polymers. Technol. (2008). Attenuated vaccines have been efficiently developed for a range of diseases: mumps, polio (Sabin), rubella, measles, smallpox, chickenpox, tuberculosis, yellow fever, and dengue. FDA (1982). 52, 289297. Compounds involved in stress tolerance in yeasts, such as proline and trehalose, are promising for the development of resistant strains (Takagi and Shima, 2015). doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(96)00249-6, Roden, R., and Wu, T.-C. (2006). (2015). doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90152-6. 87, 410. Secondly, they are used as factories for the production of food ingredients. Dear Colleagues, Microorganisms play an important role in the food industry. These devices include dialysis membranes and scaffolds for tissue engineering (Svensson et al., 2005). An example of a microbial biosensor currently being used for pollutant monitoring purposes consists of immobilized recombinant E. coli cells expressing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH). 85, 719726. Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis in the management of pernicious lepidopteran pests, in Plant, Soil and Microbes, eds K. R. Hakeem and M. S. Akhtar (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 277301. Appl. (2014). Microbial enzymes as substitutes of chemical additives in baking wheat flour-part II: combined effects of nine enzymes on dough rheology. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03114-15, Marasco, W. A., and Sui, J. Copyright 2017 Vitorino and Bessa. 39, 136146. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.007, Wang, Z., Zhuge, J., Fang, H., and Prior, B. 206, 6168. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.12.001. Biol. Enzyme Microb. Sci. Adv. It also involves the transmission of hereditary characters in microbes. The hepatitis B antigen is purified from yeast cultures and administered to patients as a vaccine. Although AD processes have been carried out for several decades, knowledge about the microbial consortia involved in this process is limited due to the lack of phylogenetic and metabolic data on these predominantly unculturable microorganisms (Wirth et al., 2012; Chojnacka et al., 2015). We must face the resurgence of diseases such as Zika and the appearance of superbugs as public health alerts, requiring emergency decision-making. Cellulose synthesized (in abundance) by bacteria such as Gluconacetobacter xylinus (e.g., Huang C. et al., 2016) displays the same polymeric structure of cellulose from plants but is superior in its mechanical properties, purity, and uniformity, allowing the production of higher-quality devices (Pires et al., 2015). Comparison between the possibilities generated by Classical Microbiology and Technological Microbiology, where the incorporation of techniques has led to market novelties, as well as to the improvement of commonly used products and services. Sci. 8, 1118. The need of new antibiotics. J. 8:17. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-17, Feyisa, B., Lencho, A., Selvaraj, T., and Getaneh, G. (2016). A. Trends Immunol. doi: 10.7363/040253, Borneman, A. R., Schmidt, S. A., and Pretorius, I. S. (2013). Res. Technol. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00007-X. Infect. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1206059, Losordo, Z., McBride, J., Van Rooyen, J., Wenger, K., Willies, D., Froehlich, A., et al. The various omics technologies complement each other and together provide a more complete picture of an organisms or microbial communitys (, The analysis required for large data sets produced through genomics, transcriptomics, and, The use of recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry, allowing for the rapid production of high-quality. Obtaining chemicals such as organic acids via microbial activity is very promising, especially if it is thought to occur from renewable carbon sources. Genetic engineering provides an alternative method for improving microbial starter cultures. Kary Mullis and others contributors found that this enzyme could be used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA fragments (Chien et al., 1976; Saiki et al., 1988). Sarwar, M. (2015a). Trends Genet. "Microbial Enzymes: Roles and applications in industry" offers an essential update on the field of microbial biotechnology, and presents the latest information on a range of microbial. J. Eng. Bioaccessibility of vitamin D from bread fortified with UV-treated yeast is lower than bread fortified with crystalline vitamin D2 and bovine milk. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Biogas is a combination of methane, CO2, nitrogen, H2S, and traces of other gasses produced by anaerobic digestion (AD) (Appels et al., 2008). doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0271. Use of metagenomics and next-generation sequencing in the study of microbial communities to obtain genetic data. doi: 10.1007/s11095-016-1979-0, Borghese, R., Brucale, M., Fortunato, G., Lanzi, M., Mezzi, A., Valle, F., et al. AIMS Microbiol. Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella and the risk of hospital admissions for nontargeted infections. 5, 396. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7432.1, Cook, P. E., McMeniman, C. J., and ONeill, S. L. (2008). Technol. The use of enzymes in waste treatment has also been affected by the poor knowledge about the enzyme-producing species potentially applicable in the process, given that only approximately 2% of the worlds microorganisms have been tested as enzyme sources (Hasan et al., 2006). Transcription profiling of resistance to Bti toxins in the mosquito Aedes aegypti using next-generation sequencing. Plant Dis. These measures can limit exposure to Lyme-bearing ticks, which are common in many regions of the United States during the warmer months of the year. Bajaj, M., Schmidt, S., and Winter, J. 2015;2015:816419. doi: 10.1155/2015/816419. J. Hist. These biosensors showed high specificity for the detection of heavy metals (Kim K. R. et al., 2016). These vaccines are still under clinical testing, and microbiological research efforts have focused on HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, influenza, and HPV. Biochimie 70, 559566. under aerobic conditions in glucose-rich medium and with limited amounts of nitrogen (Papagianni, 2004; Fu et al., 2014), and even via the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glucose- and cane juice-based medium (Saitoh et al., 2005; Valli et al., 2006). The following points highlight the top eight applications of genetic engineering in industry. Cyclopeptide scaffolds in carbohydrate-based synthetic vaccines. (2005). (2016). Recently, E. coli cells were developed to function as CadC-T7 biosensors, which are based on synthetic genetic circuits that combine a fluorescence reporter gene and heavy metal-responsive proteins. Thus, the genome is constant, but the proteome varies and is dynamic within an organism. Among the microorganisms that act in the biological control of pests, the most widely disseminated species are the fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. 3, 2830. Med. Biosens. An overview of physico-chemical mechanisms of biogas production by microbial communities: a step towards sustainable waste management. Nat. This occurred with the glycerol demand for the manufacture of explosives during World War I (Wang et al., 2001) and the large-scale production of penicillin, discovered by Fleming, in the 1940s (Neushul, 1993). Med. Drug Discov. Rev. Many bacterial strains of Bacillus, Hydrogenomonas, Methanomonas, Methylomonas, and Pseudomonas have been used as substrate for the production of S on an industrial scale because these bacteria can contain approximately 80% crude protein in the total dry weight. Secondly, it allows us to study evolution too. 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