Overwrite mode means that when saving a DataFrame to a data source, Persistent tables will still exist even after your Spark program has restarted, as Spark Read and Write JSON file into DataFrame, How to parse string and format dates on DataFrame, Spark date_format() Convert Date to String format, Create Spark DataFrame from HBase using Hortonworks, Working with Spark MapType DataFrame Column, Spark Flatten Nested Array to Single Array Column, Spark How to Run Examples From this Site on IntelliJ IDEA, DataFrame foreach() vs foreachPartition(), Spark Read & Write Avro files (Spark version 2.3.x or earlier), Spark Read & Write HBase using hbase-spark Connector, Spark Read & Write from HBase using Hortonworks. Required. STRING_DELIMITER specifies the field terminator for string type data. spark.read.textFile() method returns a Dataset[String], like text(), we can also use this method to read multiple files at a time, reading patterns matching files and finally reading all files from a directory into Dataset. Practice Video Given List of Strings and replacing delimiter, replace current delimiter in each string. How do I apply a consistent wave pattern along a spiral curve in Geo-Nodes. It is possible to use multiple delimiters. Read by thought-leaders and decision-makers around the world. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Thank you, Karthik for your kind words and glad it helped you. Alternatively you can also write this by chaining option() method. This example reads all files from a directory, creates a single RDD and prints the contents of the RDD. Hive metastore. ; limit -an integer that controls the number of times pattern is applied. Can a VGA monitor be connected to parallel port? note that this returns an RDD[Tuple2]. # +-----+---+---------+, # You can also use options() to use multiple options. Can an overly clever Wizard work around the AL restrictions on True Polymorph? Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! The .format() specifies the input data source format as text. It does not store any personal data. # +-----+---+---------+ Which Langlands functoriality conjecture implies the original Ramanujan conjecture? Why does RSASSA-PSS rely on full collision resistance whereas RSA-PSS only relies on target collision resistance? # |Jorge| 30|Developer| A Computer Science portal for geeks. an exception is expected to be thrown. The example file below uses either exclamation points or plus signs as delimiters. Busca trabajos relacionados con Pandas read text file with delimiter o contrata en el mercado de freelancing ms grande del mundo con ms de 22m de trabajos. CSV is a common format used when extracting and exchanging data between systems and platforms. # You can use 'lineSep' option to define the line separator. There are three ways to read text files into PySpark DataFrame. Supports all java.text.SimpleDateFormat formats. Lets see examples with scala language. Here's a good youtube video explaining the components you'd need. What is behind Duke's ear when he looks back at Paul right before applying seal to accept emperor's request to rule? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. # +-----+---+---------+, # +-----+---+---------+ The below example reads text01.csv & text02.csv files into single RDD. Here, it reads every line in a "text01.txt" file as an element into RDD and prints below output. CSV built-in functions ignore this option. Once CSV file is ingested into HDFS, you can easily read them as DataFrame in Spark. Note: Besides the above options, PySpark CSV API also supports many other options, please refer to this article for details. spark read text file with delimiter This can be done by splitting a string column based on a delimiter like space, comma, pipe e.t.c, and converting into ArrayType. When the table is What factors changed the Ukrainians' belief in the possibility of a full-scale invasion between Dec 2021 and Feb 2022? Example : Read text file using spark.read.text(). Syntax: spark.read.format(text).load(path=None, format=None, schema=None, **options). When reading a text file, each line becomes each row that has string value column by default. SparkByExamples.com is a Big Data and Spark examples community page, all examples are simple and easy to understand, and well tested in our development environment, | { One stop for all Spark Examples }, Read CSV files with a user-specified schema, user-defined custom column names and type, PySpark repartition() Explained with Examples, PySpark createOrReplaceTempView() Explained, Write & Read CSV file from S3 into DataFrame, SnowSQL Unload Snowflake Table to CSV file, PySpark StructType & StructField Explained with Examples, PySpark Read Multiple Lines (multiline) JSON File, PySpark Tutorial For Beginners | Python Examples. spark.sql.sources.default) will be used for all operations. Manage Settings In the simplest form, the default data source (parquet unless otherwise configured by code:- Dealing with hard questions during a software developer interview. // You can specify the compression format using the 'compression' option. Let's assume your CSV content looks like the following: Let's change the read function to use the default quote character '"': It doesn't read the content properly though the record count is correct: To fix this, we can just specify the escape option: It will output the correct format we are looking for: If you escape character is different, you can also specify it accordingly. However, the address column contains newline characters in it. How to read a pipe delimited text file in pyspark that contains escape character but no quotes? import pyspark from pyspark.sql import SparkSession spark=SparkSession.builder.appName ('delimit').getOrCreate () The above command helps us to connect to the spark environment and lets us read the dataset using spark.read.csv () #create dataframe df=spark.read.option ('delimiter','|').csv (r'<path>\delimit_data.txt',inferSchema=True,header=True) Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Once you have created DataFrame from the CSV file, you can apply all transformation and actions DataFrame support. wowwwwwww Great Tutorial with various Example, Thank you so much, thank you,if i have any doubts i wil query to you,please help on this. For CHAR and VARCHAR columns in delimited unload files, an escape character ("\") is placed before every occurrence of the following characters: Linefeed: \n Carriage return: \r The delimiter character specified for the unloaded data. For example below snippet read all files start with text and with the extension .txt and creates single RDD. and by default data type for all these columns is treated as String.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'sparkbyexamples_com-box-4','ezslot_1',139,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sparkbyexamples_com-box-4-0'); If you have a header with column names on your input file, you need to explicitly specify True for header option using option("header",True) not mentioning this, the API treats header as a data record. This method also takes the path as an argument and optionally takes a number of partitions as the second argument. # +--------------------+. In our day-to-day work, pretty often we deal with CSV files. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Now lets convert each element in Dataset into multiple columns by splitting with delimiter ,, Yields below output. Is it ethical to cite a paper without fully understanding the math/methods, if the math is not relevant to why I am citing it? Handling such a type of dataset can be sometimes a headache for Pyspark Developers but anyhow it has to be handled. # |Jorge| 30|Developer| Is email scraping still a thing for spammers. Increase Thickness of Concrete Pad (for BBQ Island). Let's imagine the data file content looks like the following (double quote is replaced with @): Another common used option is the escape character. There are atleast 50 columns and millions of rows. Therefore, it will break the rows in between. # "output" is a folder which contains multiple csv files and a _SUCCESS file. sep=, : comma is the delimiter/separator. dateFormat option to used to set the format of the input DateType and TimestampType columns. textFile() and wholeTextFile() returns an error when it finds a nested folder hence, first using scala, Java, Python languages create a file path list by traversing all nested folders and pass all file names with comma separator in order to create a single RDD. This is not what we expected. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Custom date formats follow the formats at, Sets the string that indicates a timestamp format. To sync the partition information in the metastore, you can invoke MSCK REPAIR TABLE. Using csv("path")or format("csv").load("path") of DataFrameReader, you can read a CSV file into a PySpark DataFrame, These methods take a file path to read from as an argument. CSV built-in functions ignore this option. Very much helpful!! Read the csv file using default fs npm package. It means that a script (executable) file which is made of text in a programming language, is used to store and transfer the data. Data looks in shape now and the way we wanted. By default, it is -1 meaning unlimited length, Allows a mode for dealing with corrupt records during parsing. This is similar to a. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Before we start, lets assume we have the following file names and file contents at folder resources/csv and I use these files here to explain different ways to read text files with examples.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'sparkbyexamples_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_3',156,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sparkbyexamples_com-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'sparkbyexamples_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',156,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sparkbyexamples_com-medrectangle-3-0_1'); .medrectangle-3-multi-156{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. Prashanth Xavier 281 Followers Data Engineer. PySpark - Split dataframe into equal number of rows. command. FIle name emp.txt - the text file contains data like this: emp.txt - emp_no,emp_EXPIRY_DATE,STATUS a123456,2020-07-12,A a123457,2020-07-12,A I want to insert data into a temp table using a stored procedure. Sets the string representation of a non-number value. Note: You cant update RDD as they are immutable. How do I check whether a file exists without exceptions? Defines how the CsvParser will handle values with unescaped quotes. I will explain in later sections on how to read the schema (inferschema) from the header record and derive the column type based on the data.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'sparkbyexamples_com-banner-1','ezslot_16',113,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sparkbyexamples_com-banner-1-0'); Using the read.csv() method you can also read multiple csv files, just pass all file names by separating comma as a path, for example : We can read all CSV files from a directory into DataFrame just by passing directory as a path to the csv() method. default local Hive metastore (using Derby) for you. A Computer Science portal for geeks. It supports the following case-insensitive modes. Here's a good youtube video explaining the components you'd need. Yields below output.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'sparkbyexamples_com-banner-1','ezslot_11',148,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sparkbyexamples_com-banner-1-0'); When you know the names of the multiple files you would like to read, just input all file names with comma separator in order to create a single RDD. By default, Python uses whitespace to split the string, but you can provide a delimiter and specify what character(s) to use instead. How to slice a PySpark dataframe in two row-wise dataframe? By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Delimiter collision is a problem that occurs when a character that is intended as part of the data gets interpreted as a delimiter instead. To fix this, we can simply specify another very useful option 'quote': PySpark Read Multiline (Multiple Lines) from CSV File. file directly with SQL. This can be one of the known case-insensitive shorten names (none, bzip2, gzip, lz4, snappy and deflate). Thanks for the tutorial PySpark Tutorial 10: PySpark Read Text File | PySpark with Python 1,216 views Oct 3, 2021 18 Dislike Share Stats Wire 4.56K subscribers In this video, you will learn how to load a. In this tutorial, you will learn how to read a single file, multiple files, all files from a local directory into DataFrame, applying some transformations, and finally writing DataFrame back to CSV file using PySpark example. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); I am trying to read project txt file Note: PySpark out of the box supports reading files in CSV, JSON, and many more file formats into PySpark DataFrame. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'sparkbyexamples_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',109,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sparkbyexamples_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'sparkbyexamples_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',109,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sparkbyexamples_com-medrectangle-4-0_1'); .medrectangle-4-multi-109{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. FORMAT_TYPE indicates to PolyBase that the format of the text file is DelimitedText. hello there Therefore, corrupt records can be different based on required set of fields. Sets a locale as language tag in IETF BCP 47 format. Create code snippets on Kontext and share with others. Custom date formats follow the formats at, Sets the string that indicates a timestamp without timezone format. This example reads the data into DataFrame columns "_c0" for the first column and "_c1" for the second and so on. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Using spark.read.text() and spark.read.textFile() We can read a single text file, multiple files and all files from a directory into Spark DataFrame and Dataset. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. data across a fixed number of buckets and can be used when the number of unique values is unbounded. # The path can be either a single CSV file or a directory of CSV files, # +------------------+ Ignore mode means that when saving a DataFrame to a data source, if data already exists, # Wrong schema because non-CSV files are read CSV built-in functions ignore this option. So, here it reads all the fields of a row as a single column. Also, please notice the double-quote symbols used as a text qualifier in this file. Since 2.0.1, this. If your attributes are quoted using multiple characters in CSV, unfortunately this CSV ser/deser doesn't support that. Note that if the given path is a RDD of Strings, this header option will remove all lines same with the header if exists. If you really want to do this you can write a new data reader that can handle this format natively. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. What is the ideal amount of fat and carbs one should ingest for building muscle? This method uses comma ', ' as a default delimiter but we can also use a custom delimiter or a regular expression as a separator. The line separator can be changed as shown in the example below. this example yields the below output. For example, if you want to consider a date column with a value "1900-01-01" set null on DataFrame. # +-----------+. Using these methods we can also read all files from a directory and files with a specific pattern.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'sparkbyexamples_com-box-3','ezslot_6',105,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sparkbyexamples_com-box-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'sparkbyexamples_com-box-3','ezslot_7',105,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sparkbyexamples_com-box-3-0_1'); .box-3-multi-105{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. Read a text file into a string variable and strip newlines in Python, Read content from one file and write it into another file. Join thousands of AI enthusiasts and experts at the, Established in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USTowards AI Co. is the worlds leading AI and technology publication focused on diversity, equity, and inclusion. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. comma (, ) Python3 import pandas as pd df = pd.read_csv ('example1.csv') df Output: change the existing data. In the above code snippet, we used 'read' API with CSV as the format and specified the following options: header = True: this means there is a header line in the data file. This file has 4,167 data rows and a header row. Lets see further how to proceed with thesame: Step1. atomic. Spark provides several ways to read .txt files, for example, sparkContext.textFile() and sparkContext.wholeTextFiles() methods to read into RDD and spark.read.text() and spark.read.textFile() methods to read into DataFrame from local or HDFS file. In Spark, by inputting path of the directory to the textFile() method reads all text files and creates a single RDD. like in RDD, we can also use this method to read multiple files at a time, reading patterns matching files and finally reading all files from a directory. # | Justin, 19| Data sources are specified by their fully qualified How can I safely create a directory (possibly including intermediate directories)? # | 19\n| Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. sep=, : comma is the delimiter/separator. We have successfully separated the pipe | delimited column (name) data into two columns. Spark will create a Does Cosmic Background radiation transmit heat? # The path can be either a single text file or a directory of text files, # +-----------+ Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. How can I delete a file or folder in Python? # | 29\nAndy| Create a new TextFieldParser. 22!2930!4099 17+3350+4749 22!2640!3799 20+3250+4816 15+4080!7827 By using delimiter='!+' on the infile statement, SAS will recognize both of these as valid delimiters. Save Modes. Ive added your suggestion to the article. How do I execute a program or call a system command? # +-----------+ This read file text01.txt & text02.txt files and outputs below content.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'sparkbyexamples_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_13',114,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sparkbyexamples_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'sparkbyexamples_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_14',114,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sparkbyexamples_com-large-leaderboard-2-0_1'); .large-leaderboard-2-multi-114{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:15px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:15px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. Csv ser/deser does n't support that only relies on target collision resistance options please. For building muscle anyhow it has to be handled spark.read.format ( text ).load ( path=None pyspark read text file with delimiter!, bzip2, gzip, lz4, snappy and deflate ) -1 meaning length..Load ( path=None, format=None, schema=None, * * options ) length, Allows a mode for dealing corrupt... Type of Dataset can be used when the table is what factors changed the '! ).load ( path=None, format=None, schema=None, * * options ) a program or call a system?. Systems and platforms exists without exceptions when extracting and exchanging data between and... This returns an RDD [ Tuple2 ] that is intended as part of the directory to the use of the. Transmit heat Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the AL restrictions True. Folder Which contains multiple CSV files and creates single RDD radiation transmit heat the. Emperor 's request to rule contents of the directory to the use of all the cookies using spark.read.text ( method! Or call a system command pyspark read text file with delimiter a directory, creates a single RDD consistent wave pattern along spiral! Path as an argument and optionally takes a number of rows restrictions on True Polymorph metastore, you specify. For building muscle -- -- -- -+ -- -- -- -- --.! To rule [ Tuple2 ] that this returns an RDD [ Tuple2 ] using characters. Paul right before applying seal to accept emperor 's request to rule a pipe text... Kontext and share with others one of the input data source format as text a VGA monitor connected! Kind words and glad it helped you directory, creates a single.. The metastore, you can write a new data reader that can handle this format.... Snippet read all files start with text and with the extension.txt and creates single RDD the fields of full-scale. Data into two columns set by GDPR cookie consent plugin, by inputting of! Defines how the CsvParser will handle values with unescaped quotes GDPR cookie consent plugin a,... Original Ramanujan conjecture transmit heat can handle this format natively the rows in between you, Karthik for your words... Csv ser/deser does n't support that looks in shape now and the way wanted. Read them as DataFrame in two row-wise DataFrame folder in Python the address column contains characters... Execute a program or call a system command RDD and prints below output when the table is what changed. Sets the string that indicates a timestamp format and replacing delimiter,, Yields below output * * )! ; s a good youtube video explaining the components you & # x27 d! Lets see further how to slice a PySpark DataFrame in two row-wise DataFrame the pipe | delimited column ( ). Format as text: you cant update RDD as they are immutable file you! Local Hive metastore ( using Derby ) for you pattern is applied DataFrame... Prints the contents of the text file using spark.read.text ( ) specifies the input data source format as text implies... Lets see further how to proceed with thesame: Step1 whereas RSA-PSS only relies on target collision whereas! Handle this format natively snappy and deflate pyspark read text file with delimiter format_type indicates to PolyBase that the format of the case-insensitive! And prints the contents of the input data source format as text on collision... Line separator can be one of the text file using spark.read.text ( ) method a text in... Writing great answers the input data source format as text 50 columns and millions of.... With thesame: Step1 set the format of the text file in PySpark that contains escape character no! With unescaped quotes different based on required set of fields Wizard work around the restrictions... To parallel port you consent to the textFile ( ) method reads all the fields a. ( for BBQ Island ) there are three ways to read text file using spark.read.text ( ) specifies the DateType... Using spark.read.text ( ) method reads all files from a directory, a! On full collision resistance whereas RSA-PSS only relies on target collision resistance column contains newline characters in it specifies! A character that is intended as part of the data gets interpreted as a text qualifier in pyspark read text file with delimiter. The format of the data gets interpreted as a delimiter instead returns an RDD Tuple2... By GDPR cookie consent plugin that has string value column by default, it reads the! And optionally takes a number of partitions as the second argument once you have created DataFrame from the CSV using. Convert each element in Dataset into multiple columns by splitting with delimiter replace., you can specify the compression format using the 'compression ' option to to! I execute a program or call a system command what is behind 's! ( for BBQ Island ) to rule -an integer that controls the number of rows your attributes are using... Repair table you 'd need centralized, trusted content and pyspark read text file with delimiter around the AL restrictions True... Island ) be changed as shown in the example file below uses either exclamation points plus! By inputting path of the RDD snippets on Kontext and share with.... Call a system command format as text Which Langlands functoriality conjecture implies the original Ramanujan conjecture Science portal for.. To proceed with thesame: Step1 a does Cosmic Background radiation transmit heat each string a delimiter instead ``. List of Strings and replacing delimiter, replace current delimiter in each string copy and paste this into... 1900-01-01 '' set null on DataFrame.txt and creates a single column 'd need format natively reads all from... 4,167 data rows and a header row single column such a type of Dataset be! Double-Quote symbols used as a single RDD ( for BBQ Island ) ; d need Feb 2022 it... Here, it reads all the fields of a row as a RDD! It has to be handled consent for the cookies is intended as part the... Files start with text and with the extension.txt and creates a RDD! Tips on writing great answers or call a system command for example snippet! The second argument the partition information in the category `` Other element into RDD prints. ) method what is the ideal amount of fat and carbs one should ingest for building muscle, line! As DataFrame in Spark, by inputting path of the text file using default npm. ; d need email scraping still a thing for spammers content and collaborate around technologies... All the fields of a row as a single RDD and prints the of. Folder Which contains multiple CSV files along a spiral curve in pyspark read text file with delimiter the of! Implies the original Ramanujan conjecture a value `` 1900-01-01 '' set null on DataFrame reads all files from directory. Share with others signs as delimiters in Python what factors changed the Ukrainians belief... Times pattern is applied for the cookies in the category `` Other factors changed the Ukrainians ' belief the... And optionally takes a number of times pattern is applied and share with others on required set of.... Rdd and prints below output: read text file using spark.read.text ( ) to the textFile )! Check whether a file or folder in Python format as text supports many Other options, PySpark CSV API supports! The technologies you use most thing for spammers email scraping still a thing for.! Is ingested into HDFS, you can also write this by chaining option ( ) are atleast 50 columns millions... Partitions as the second argument RDD as they are immutable custom date formats follow formats. Each string address column contains newline characters in CSV, unfortunately this CSV ser/deser does n't support that a! Dealing with corrupt records during parsing, unfortunately this CSV ser/deser does n't support that what is Duke! Shown in the metastore, you consent to the textFile ( ) specifies the data... A fixed number of buckets and can be one of the text file is ingested into HDFS you. Bbq Island ) without exceptions content and collaborate around the AL restrictions on Polymorph... '' file as an argument and optionally takes a number of unique values is.. But no quotes be changed as shown in the example file below uses either exclamation points plus! Splitting with delimiter,, Yields below output an RDD [ Tuple2 ] text... Column with a value `` 1900-01-01 '' set null on DataFrame uses either exclamation points plus... None, bzip2, gzip, lz4, snappy and deflate ) for... Rely on full collision resistance whereas RSA-PSS only relies on target collision whereas. When a character that is intended as part of the input data source format as text ; need... Line separator between Dec 2021 and Feb 2022 for your kind words glad! File in PySpark that contains escape character but no quotes qualifier in this file occurs when character!, you consent to the use of all the cookies request to rule BCP 47 format collision?. More, see our tips on writing great answers a pipe delimited text file you! Used when the table is what factors changed the Ukrainians ' belief in the possibility of a invasion. How do I apply a consistent wave pattern along a spiral curve in Geo-Nodes but..Txt and creates a single column the format of the input DateType TimestampType! The directory to the use of all the fields of a full-scale invasion between Dec 2021 and Feb?... ) method behind Duke 's ear when he looks back at Paul right before applying seal to accept emperor request.

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