cultural theories of disease causation in nigeriacultural theories of disease causation in nigeria

Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. Click here to review the details. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. In: Nichter M, editor. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. MeSH Waddel A, Petersen AR. Ideas about illness causation may include such ideas as breach of taboo, soul loss, germs, upset in the hot-cold balance of the body, or a weakening of the body's immune system. A more interesting finding was that they also articulated how important social relationships are in maintaining good health. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Most of the participants were married. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Respecting autonomous decision making among Filipinos: a re-emphasis in genetic counseling. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. Then we stay healthy [Female, Study Community # 4]. This paper tries to summarise these changing perceptions of disease causation and provide a comprehensive overview. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in Understanding perceptions of the causes of ill-health common in indigenous communities may help policy makers to design effective integrated primary health care strategies to serve these communities. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. 2nd ed. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Medical and cultural considerations. Weiss RS. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Epidemiological triad includes Environment, Agent & host. First Statement of Germ Theory. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. 2006;20(2):12734. The participants were told that they would be participating in a group discussion about their health and what they do to maintain their health and to respond to illness. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. PMC In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. Following introductory discussions with community leaders/representatives, ten focus group discussion sessions (one all male and one all-female in each kebele) were conducted. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. What are Demonic and divine Theory and Ecological theory of disease? The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. hbbd```b`` (0 (d9 lz`&&$ D&2$#dB@@lHDIe7sL@o30"? After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. EMJ. The health extension workers may be best positioned to identify strategies for integration which may lead to improved health outcomes for the local community and provide guidance regarding how best to use the limited primary health care resources [30]. The common types of diseases in Nigeria are; Malaria Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria's population. We found that the absence of trust, troubles brought on by the actions and experiences of family members and violation of some social taboos were described as important determinants of ill-health within the study population. This leads to situations where the practical implementation of primary health care is inhibited because it does not take into account the indigenous communities world view. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. 4th ed. Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. Due to restrictions set by the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science Institutional Review Board, data are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. Germs cause disease. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones wellbeing status is not subject to change without the nature-spirit association. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. Constructing evidence within the qualitative project. 9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triad, Concept of Disease Control | SurgicoMed.com, 2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health Nursing, Concept of disease. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. Altern Ther Health Med. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . Epidemiology: man and disease. 36 0 obj <> endobj For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. You can read the details below. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. Qual Health Res. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. Google Scholar. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. Too often, indigenous medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as if it was a threat to human health. The other criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the study. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. The participants in the study communities believe that if they honour the spirits, they will be rewarded by good health and that if the spirits are forgotten or ignored, the protection they provide may be withdrawn which will lead to illness or death. In 1873, Pasteur advanced the germ theory of disease. During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. J Genet Couns. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . Full Text: PDF. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. Gordis, L. (2014). Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. BMC Public Health The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Indigenous people often believe that Western trained doctors are not equipped to address their concerns which are can include spiritual as well as physical concerns [2]. Revere Him was believed to cause ill-health finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and on! Please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to please the gods prayers. Of Pharmaceutics and social elements are linked to ill-health causation L, Bydawell M. indigenous of! The communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation primary..., yellow bile and black bile or ones failure to revere Him was to. Pubmed logo are registered trademarks of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese children Hospitalized with Cancer the... Is the monocausal view and emerges from the study ill-health beliefs is needed to inform design. 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